ASTM D4535-2008 用膨胀计测量岩石的热膨胀的标准试验方法
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【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodsforMeasurementofThermalExpansionofRockUsingDilatometer
【原文标准名称】:用膨胀计测量岩石的热膨胀的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTMD4535-2008
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2008
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D18.12
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:destructiveexamination;rock;thermalexpansion/contraction;thermalproperties;Destructivetesting--soil/rock;Linearthermalexpansion--rock;Rockmaterials/properties/analysis;Thermalanalysis(TA)--soil/rock
【摘要】:Informationconcerningthethermalexpansioncharacteristicsofrocksisimportantinthedesignofanyundergroundexcavationwherethesurroundingrockmaybeheated.Thermalstraincausesthermalstresseswhichultimatelyaffectexcavationstability.Examplesofapplicationswhererockthermalstrainisimportantinclude:nuclearwasterepositories,undergroundpowerstations,compressedairenergystoragefacilities,andgeothermalenergyfacilities.Thecoefficientofthermalexpansionorx201C;alphax201D;orrockisknowntovaryasthetemperaturechanges.Thesemethodsprovidecontinuousthermalstrainvaluesasafunctionoftemperature,andthereforeprovideinformationonhowalphachangeswithtemperature.Rocksarealsooftenanisotropic,thusdisplayingdifferentthermalstrainsdependingontheorientationofstrainmeasurement.Thesemethodsallowformeasuringstraininonedirectiononly.Ifanisotropyisexpected,sampleswithdifferentorientationsshouldbepreparedandtested.Careshouldbeexercisedintheinterpretationofthermalstraindataofrockswithsignificantmoisturecontent.Undercertaintemperatureandpressureconditions,steammaybeproducedintheporespace.Steammaycauseerrorsbecauseofmicrocrackproductionorchangesintheporepressure.Thephasechangefromwatertosteamintheporespacecanresultinseveralphenomenawhichcomplicatedataanalysis,asfollows:Evolvedsteammaychangetheporepressureandthustheeffectivestressintherock,resultinginanomalousstrainreadings.Losingallthemoisturemaydehydrateclaysintheporespaceandthuschangeexpansioncharacteristics,especiallyinlayeredrocks.Theresearcherusingthisstandardmustusebestjudgmentastohowtomakethethermalexpansionmeasurementsothatitaccuratelyrepresentstheconditionsinthefield.MethodIIisamenabletoconfinedthermalstraindeterminations.Confinedtestsmaybemostappropriatewhen:Porepressuremustbeimposedintheporespacetomaintaintheliquidphaseofwaterthroughthedesiredtemperaturerange.Thethermalstrainoftherockissensitivetoconfiningstress.Thesampleisfragileorfriable,orboth,andcannotbemachinedintotheshapesrequiredforMethodI.1.1Thesetestmethodscoverthelaboratorymeasurementofthelinear(one-dimensional)thermalexpansionofrocksusingadilatometer.1.2Thesetestmethodsareapplicablebetweentemperaturesof25x00B0;Cto300x00B0;C.Bothbenchtopandconfinedmeasurementtechniquesarepresented.Rocksofvaryingmoisturecontentcanbetested.1.3Forsatisfactoryresultsinconformancewiththesetestmethods,theprinciplesgoverningthesize,construction,anduseoftheapparatusdescribedinthesemethodsshouldbefollowed.Iftheresultsaretobereportedashavingbeenobtainedbythismethod,thenallpertinentrequirementsprescribedinthismethodshallbemet.1.4Thesetestmethodsdonotestablishdetailsofconstructionandproceduretocoveralltestsituationsthatmightofferdifficultiestoapersonwithouttechnicalknowledgeconcerningthetheoryofheatflow,temperaturemeasurement,andgeneraltestingpractices.Standardizationofthesetestmethodsdoesnotreducetheneedforsuchtechnicalknowledge.Itisrecognizedalsothatitwouldbeunwise,becauseofthestandardizationofthismethod,toresistinanywaythefurtherdevelopmentofimprovedornewmethodsorproceduresbyresearchworkers.1.5ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesaremathematicalconversionstoinch-p......
【中国标准分类号】:P13
【国际标准分类号】:93_020
【页数】:6P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语
【原文标准名称】:用膨胀计测量岩石的热膨胀的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTMD4535-2008
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2008
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D18.12
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:destructiveexamination;rock;thermalexpansion/contraction;thermalproperties;Destructivetesting--soil/rock;Linearthermalexpansion--rock;Rockmaterials/properties/analysis;Thermalanalysis(TA)--soil/rock
【摘要】:Informationconcerningthethermalexpansioncharacteristicsofrocksisimportantinthedesignofanyundergroundexcavationwherethesurroundingrockmaybeheated.Thermalstraincausesthermalstresseswhichultimatelyaffectexcavationstability.Examplesofapplicationswhererockthermalstrainisimportantinclude:nuclearwasterepositories,undergroundpowerstations,compressedairenergystoragefacilities,andgeothermalenergyfacilities.Thecoefficientofthermalexpansionorx201C;alphax201D;orrockisknowntovaryasthetemperaturechanges.Thesemethodsprovidecontinuousthermalstrainvaluesasafunctionoftemperature,andthereforeprovideinformationonhowalphachangeswithtemperature.Rocksarealsooftenanisotropic,thusdisplayingdifferentthermalstrainsdependingontheorientationofstrainmeasurement.Thesemethodsallowformeasuringstraininonedirectiononly.Ifanisotropyisexpected,sampleswithdifferentorientationsshouldbepreparedandtested.Careshouldbeexercisedintheinterpretationofthermalstraindataofrockswithsignificantmoisturecontent.Undercertaintemperatureandpressureconditions,steammaybeproducedintheporespace.Steammaycauseerrorsbecauseofmicrocrackproductionorchangesintheporepressure.Thephasechangefromwatertosteamintheporespacecanresultinseveralphenomenawhichcomplicatedataanalysis,asfollows:Evolvedsteammaychangetheporepressureandthustheeffectivestressintherock,resultinginanomalousstrainreadings.Losingallthemoisturemaydehydrateclaysintheporespaceandthuschangeexpansioncharacteristics,especiallyinlayeredrocks.Theresearcherusingthisstandardmustusebestjudgmentastohowtomakethethermalexpansionmeasurementsothatitaccuratelyrepresentstheconditionsinthefield.MethodIIisamenabletoconfinedthermalstraindeterminations.Confinedtestsmaybemostappropriatewhen:Porepressuremustbeimposedintheporespacetomaintaintheliquidphaseofwaterthroughthedesiredtemperaturerange.Thethermalstrainoftherockissensitivetoconfiningstress.Thesampleisfragileorfriable,orboth,andcannotbemachinedintotheshapesrequiredforMethodI.1.1Thesetestmethodscoverthelaboratorymeasurementofthelinear(one-dimensional)thermalexpansionofrocksusingadilatometer.1.2Thesetestmethodsareapplicablebetweentemperaturesof25x00B0;Cto300x00B0;C.Bothbenchtopandconfinedmeasurementtechniquesarepresented.Rocksofvaryingmoisturecontentcanbetested.1.3Forsatisfactoryresultsinconformancewiththesetestmethods,theprinciplesgoverningthesize,construction,anduseoftheapparatusdescribedinthesemethodsshouldbefollowed.Iftheresultsaretobereportedashavingbeenobtainedbythismethod,thenallpertinentrequirementsprescribedinthismethodshallbemet.1.4Thesetestmethodsdonotestablishdetailsofconstructionandproceduretocoveralltestsituationsthatmightofferdifficultiestoapersonwithouttechnicalknowledgeconcerningthetheoryofheatflow,temperaturemeasurement,andgeneraltestingpractices.Standardizationofthesetestmethodsdoesnotreducetheneedforsuchtechnicalknowledge.Itisrecognizedalsothatitwouldbeunwise,becauseofthestandardizationofthismethod,toresistinanywaythefurtherdevelopmentofimprovedornewmethodsorproceduresbyresearchworkers.1.5ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesaremathematicalconversionstoinch-p......
【中国标准分类号】:P13
【国际标准分类号】:93_020
【页数】:6P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语
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